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How China Became Capitalist Copertina rigida – 20 marzo 2012

4,6 4,6 su 5 stelle 28 voti

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How China Became Capitalist details the extraordinary, and often unanticipated, journey that China has taken over the past thirty five years in transforming itself from a closed agrarian socialist economy to an indomitable economic force in the international arena.The authors revitalise the debate around the rise of the Chinese economy through the use of primary sources, persuasively arguing that the reforms implemented by the Chinese leaders did not represent a concerted attempt to create a capitalist economy, and that it was 'marginal revolutions' that introduced the market and entrepreneurship back to China. Lessons from the West were guided by the traditional Chinese principle of 'seeking truth from facts'. By turning to capitalism, China re-embraced her own cultural roots. How China Became Capitalist challenges received wisdom about the future of the Chinese economy, warning that while China has enormous potential for further growth, the future is clouded by the government's monopoly of ideas and power. Coase and Wang argue that the development of a market for ideas which has a long and revered tradition in China would be integral in bringing about the Chinese dream of social harmony.
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Descrizione prodotto

Recensione

"Patient readers will be rewarded with a better and deeper understanding of the most extraordinary transformation in modern economic history." - The Wall Street Journal

"As China is sure to become a hotly debated focal point in the presidential election, this book, with its emphasis on markets and history, becomes of paramount importance." - The Washington Times

"Anyone curious as to how China became the world's second biggest economy should read this interesting book." - The LSE Review of Books

"This is a major contribution to the whole literature on economic change as well as on China. Nowhere in all of the literature on economic change and development that I know is there such a detailed study of the fumbling efforts of a society to evolve and particularly one that had as long and as far to go as China did." - Douglass C. North, 1993 Nobel laureate in Economics

"Ronald Coase, now 100 years plus, and Ning Wang have written a compelling and exhaustive commentary about China's fitful transition from Socialism under Mao to today's distinctive capitalist economy. No student of China or socialism can afford to miss this volume." - Richard Epstein, University of Chicago Law School

"This book is one of the greatest works in economics and in studies of China, not only for today, but for the future." - Chenggang Xu, University of Hong Kong

"Coase finds a nation whose philosophy and policy have reflected the same simple principle - 'seeking truth from facts' - that has inspired his own path-breaking analyses of firms, markets and law. A fascinating and exceptionally thought-provoking account of how China, repeatedly seeking more efficient socialism, found itself turning capitalist." - Stephen Littlechild, Emeritus Professor, University of Birmingham, and Fellow, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge

L'autore

Ronald Coase is Nobel Laureate in Economics. His work has had a profound impact on modern economics; it clarified the theory of the firm and gave rise to the field of Law and Economics. Professor Coase is currently Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School, and he is also a research advisor at the the Ronald Coase Institute, USA and founder of the Ronald Coase Center for the Study of the Economy at Zhejiang University.

Ning Wang is Assistant Professor at the School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, USA.



Ronald Coase is Nobel Laureate in Economics. His work has had a profound impact on modern economics; it clarified the theory of the firm and gave rise to the field of Law and Economics. Professor Coase is currently Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School, and he is also a research advisor at the the Ronald Coase Institute, USA and founder of the Ronald Coase Center for the Study of the Economy at Zhejiang University.

Ning Wang is Assistant Professor at the School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University, USA.

Dettagli prodotto

  • Editore ‏ : ‎ Palgrave Macmillan; 2012° edizione (20 marzo 2012)
  • Lingua ‏ : ‎ Inglese
  • Copertina rigida ‏ : ‎ 256 pagine
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 1137019360
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1137019363
  • Peso articolo ‏ : ‎ 567 g
  • Dimensioni ‏ : ‎ 15.24 x 2.54 x 25.4 cm
  • Recensioni dei clienti:
    4,6 4,6 su 5 stelle 28 voti

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R. H. Coase
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  • Barbara koch
    5,0 su 5 stelle Five Stars
    Recensito in Canada il 15 aprile 2017
    Excellent story of the change from Mao to a capitalist economy.
  • nathsaund
    5,0 su 5 stelle This is a very important book
    Recensito in Australia il 3 agosto 2020
    This book gets at the heart of how China has risen. The first 30 years of the coercive Communist Party the nation was extremely poor. When Mao died they knew they had to change, but they wanted to save face. They kept their facade (Socialism) but behind every institution privatised as much as possible. That is why the nation's standard of living rose. It was not the Socialism - ironically, it was the Capitalism that saved their "Socialism".
    This books needs to read by every liberty minded person because liberty is right and coercion is poverty.
  • Perez Yannick
    5,0 su 5 stelle Passionnant
    Recensito in Francia il 16 dicembre 2014
    Bon un dernier livre de prix nobel cela peut être terriblement "has been". Ici il reste encore de l'influx, de l'analyse et des idées percutantes. Bref un regard et un grand cerveau encore en fonctionnement.
  • Rafael Limongi
    5,0 su 5 stelle A Titan of Economics
    Recensito negli Stati Uniti il 22 maggio 2012
    Few scholars have changed the face of economics like Ronald Coase. His work brought a very rare commodity to the economics profession - clarity. His observations, based on empirical evidence and "old-fashioned" fact-finding, have unearthed a body of work that has transformed the way we think about simple, but crucial, facts. The ways individuals and firms organize and his work on property rights had a profound impact on how we comprehend issues from the inner working of organizations to the use of market tools to address environmental problems. On the latter, his work provide the academic underpinning for the establishment of the Acid Rain program in the United States in the early 1990s, which was so successful that it virtually wiped out the problem of acid rain in America.
    At a 101 and not a man to avoid challenges, he now braces himself on an issue that many in the West are puzzled by -"How China Became Capitalist". Again, he brings clarity to a confused picture. Without embracing dogmas from either left or right, he traces the history of Chinese reforms from the rise of Deng Xiaoping to the present. In Coase and co-author Ning Wang's recounting and interpretation, we learn about the unleashing of China's experiment with capitalism. Rather than a top-down approach as many believe, the Chinese government fostered competition between cities and provinces; allowed for experiments and pilots to take place in certain sectors, industries and regions. China after Mao had a blank slate from which to experiment. Throughout this, Coase's work on property rights was critical to many Chinese policy makers. It is no coincidence that alongside Marx and Friedman, Coase is one of the most revered Western economists in China.

    Coase is the finest of scholars. The Nobel committee (belatedly) understood his contribution as a thought leader, not just a servant of mathematical tools and creator of theorems. Teaching is much about pointing the obvious that surrounds us. That he has always done masterfully and does it again in "How China Became Capitalist". A must-read from anyone interested in economics, and in a clear analysis of Chinese political economy.
  • Ivo Cerckel
    4,0 su 5 stelle A Realist Critique - Barter, Truth, and Marco Polo
    Recensito nel Regno Unito il 3 giugno 2012
    For realists, our human mind has the external world as its object and the objects of the material world subsist independently of this mind. The first act of our intelligence is to grasp being, to grasp "that which is". Being is the first notion of our intelligence. The first thing which falls in the intellect is being ("primo in intellectu cadit ens"), said Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274 A.D.). The notion of being is implied in any consequent notion. It is upon this notion of being - not upon practice - that truth is founded ("veritas supra ens fundatur"). Aquinas went on to define truth as ad-equation between the thing and the intellect ("adaequatio rei et intellectus"). (Thomas Aquinas, "On the Truth", ("De Veritate"), article 1).

    The book which is hereby being reviewed quotes chairman Mao Zedong, the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949, who held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976, as saying that a return to barter would eliminate economic inequality once and for all. (p. 81)

    After the death of Mao, Deng Xiaoping, the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992, resolved the fundamental challenge of reconciling socialism with its policies of economic reform and opening up by returning to the traditional Chinese principle of "seeking truth from facts". Unimpeachable truth does not exist. Truth emerges only in an endless struggle against ignorance and bigotry and it rarely wins by a single, decisive, once-and-for-all battle. And it is only through this struggle that truth can be tested. The only truth which exists is testable truth and truth can only be tested in or through practice. The facts from which truth is sought are not given, they only "appear" or "emerge" through practice. Deng was therefore willing to change his ideas once they had been proven inconsistent with facts. For ideas to be able to be subjected to the proof of inconsistency with facts, China needs a free and open market for ideas, as China has known during its entire history. And it is possible to have a flourishing market for ideas without a government elected within a multi-party democracy. Nay, the tyranny of the majority can repress the market for ideas, says the book which is hereby being reviewed.

    Confucius' (551-479 B.C.) influence in Chinese history compares with that of Socrates (c. 469 B.C. - 399 B.C.) in Europe and the philosophy of both men was compiled and written down by their followers.

    Tzu Kung asked: "Is there any one word that can serve as a principle for the conduct of life?". Confucius said: "Perhaps the word is "reciprocity". Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you".
    (Lun Yu, "The Book of Lun Yu", Book 15, Chapter 23)

    Many places on this planet recognise Confucius' moral imperative as the Golden Rule. In order to set up the Golden Rule as the moral imperative, you need to assume that there is such a thing as human nature.

    Mencius (371 to 289 B.C.) studied with the great-grandson of Confucius and became the foremost follower and greatest developer of the orthodox teaching of Confucius just like Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274 A.D.), who wrote textual commentaries on Aristotle, was the greatest developer of Aristotle (384 to 322 B.C.), a contemporary of Mencius.

    "Wherever there are things and affairs, there must be their principles", wrote Mencius.
    Another translation translates Mencius as writing that:
    "Every faculty and relation of mankind must have its law".
    (Mencius, "Book of Mencius", Book VI, Chapter 1, point 6)

    By referring to "mankind", the second translation of this teaching of Mencius clearly refers to human nature.

    On p. 122, the book which is hereby being reviewed traces the principle of "seeking truth from facts" to the writings of a famous Chinese historian during the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.- 220 A.D.), Ban Gu, and to the Song Dynasty's (960-1279 A.D.),
    - during which China enjoyed a glorious cultural renaissance (p. 198),
    during which paper money became institutionalised as a governmental policy, says silk-road.com,
    paper money, which did not emerge in the west until the 17th century, and by the use of which Marco Polo was particularly intrigued in the 13th century (p. 178) -
    Zhu Xi.

    Did Mencius (371 to 289 B.C.) not say - before the Han Dynasty which started in 206 B.C. - that truth should be sought from facts when he said that "wherever there are things and affairs, there must be their principles", or that, in another translation, "every faculty and relation of mankind must have its law"?

    The book which is hereby being reviewed argues, pp. 5-6, that the principle of "seeking truth from facts" demonstrates the pragmatic root of Confucianism.

    Pragmatism is the theory which says that the truth of an idea or belief consists in its applicability or its aptitude for practical result, that that is true which succeeds, and thus that a profitable lie becomes truth.

    Of course, if you start like Mao and Deng from the truth of socialism, if you maintain that the material basis of reality is constantly changing in a dialectical process
    - a process of negation of negation, rather than thesis and antithesis, says Frederick Copleston, S.J., in Chapter XVI "The Transformation of Idealism (2)" of the 1963 Volume 7 of his "History of Philosophy" -,
    and maintain that matter has priority over mind,
    then practice may be the only way to reveal the lie of socialism,
    but socialism admits no absolute truth - except socialism - because, as Friedrich Engels, the associate of Karl Marx, said, reality is permanently changing and moving, thereby following Ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus (c. 535 - c. 475 B.C.), a contemporary of Confucius (551-479 B.C.).
    Engels therefore viewed Heraclitus as a sort of "patron saint" of the dialectic.

    In the west, pragmatism was "discovered" in Europe by René Descartes (1595-1650) and was later expanded by William James (1842 - 1910) in America.

    Descartes observed that there is more truth in the reasonings of each individual with reference to the affairs in which he is personally interested,
    ("Discourse on Method", I, 7),
    James went on to disregard the traditional notion of truth of Aquinas, "adaequatio rei et intellectus", and to replace it by a theory arguing that
    "If there be any life that it is really better we should lead, and if there be any idea which, if believed in, would help us to lead that life, then it would be really better for us to believe in that idea, unless, indeed, belief in it incidentally clashed with other greater vital benefits."
    (Lecture II "What Pragmatism Means" of his 1907 book "Pragmatism - A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking"),
    thereby subordinating knowledge to activity - or practice.

    A profitable lie - like socialism - becomes truth.

    Ludwig von Mises famously said at the outset of section 2 "The Prerequisites of Human Action" of Chapter I "Acting Man" of his "opus magnum" "Human Action" that man is not only "homo sapiens", but also "homo agens" (acting man).

    For the book which is hereby being reviewed, the facts from which truth is sought are not given, those facts "appear" or "emerge" only through practice. This entails that only the "homo agens" can achieve truth and that "being", the first thing which falls into the intellect of the "homo sapiens", cannot be caught by a true judgement. This entails further that the principle of non-contradiction (PNC) - "It impossible to and not to be at the same time and in the same respect" - is no longer the first principle of being, no longer one of the primary or fundamental elements in human knowledge which serve as the basis for all other truths, no longer the judgement which is naturally first and which is presupposed by all other judgements. If there is no PNC, how one prove anything - through practice?

    The book which is hereby being reviewed says on p. 122 that "in rejecting class struggle and stressing practice as the only criterion for testing truth, the Chinese economic reform started on a sound epistemic foundation" - an epistemic foundation - pragmatism - which does not admit or recognise the PNC.

    The book goes on to argue, p. 196, that truth emerges only in an endless struggle against ignorance and bigotry and that it rarely wins by a single, decisive, once-and-for-all battle.

    What Coase and Wang - and Mises for that matter - do not understand is that free will does not intervene in every judgement. The exigencies of life do not make our thoughts true. But the truth of our thoughts is derived from the ad-equation or conformity of these thoughts to reality, being - that which is -, the first thing which falls into our intellect. And yes, this is a once-and-for-all battle, involving no decision, involving no free will, but impelling us to say "This displeases me, but it is nonetheless true", says Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, O.P., in Chapter 57 "Realism And Pragmatism", of his book "Reality" of which the 1950 translation into English was revised in 2009.

    I quoted Ludwig von Mises, the godfather of the Austrian School of Economics. But Coase belongs to the Chicago School of Economics. Whereas the Austrians support either free banking or a gold standard, the Chicago monetarists advocate a controlled fiat-money policy.

    The book which is hereby being reviewed therefore writes p. 184 that most economists forget that most economic phenomena are what sociologists call "social facts" distinct from physical and psychological facts and that [...], money - like contract and property rights - is a social construction.
    For Coase and Wang, reality does not exist independently of the mind but is a construction of the mind.
    Reality is constructed by the mind.
    What was constructivism again for Friedrich A. von Hayek?

    Ronald Coase achieved prominence in 1937
    - the same year that Mao concluded his influential article "On Practice" by writing that the whole of the dialectical-materialist theory of knowledge is to discover the truth through practice and again through practice verify and develop the truth, says p. 121 of the book which is hereby being reviewed -
    with his for seminal essay "The Nature of the Firm" which introduces the concept of transaction costs to explain the nature and limits of firms.
    Coase argued that the size of a firm will expand until the costs (at the margin) of organising an extra transaction within the firm are equal to the costs involved in carrying out the transaction in the open market
    [for goods and services - not the market for ideas which, as I said earlier, the book which is hereby being reviewed deems necessary for ideas to be able to be subjected to proof of inconsistency with facts],
    or, to the costs of organising by another entrepreneur.

    Coase's main point was that the distinguishing mark of the firm is the "supersession of the market mechanism".
    Will it pay to bring an extra transaction under the organising authority of the entrepreneur?

    Whereas Coase said 75 years ago that the size of the firm is determined by the answer to the question whether it will pay to bring an extra transaction under the organising authority of the entrepreneur,
    the book which is hereby being reviewed argues that the answer to this question, the comparison between the prices paid for the bringing or not of an extra transaction under the organising authority of the entrepreneur, is determined by prices denominated not in something objective but in a social construction called "money".

    My writings on Chinese Freegold are available elsewhere on the web.

    As I said at the outset, Mao is quoted on p. 81 of the book which is hereby being reviewed as having argued that a return to barter would eliminate economic inequality once and for all. The epilogue of the book which is hereby being reviewed says, p. 206, that "an open society with a market for ideas nudges us to get into closes contact with reality in nature and our human society".

    Perhaps, I should conclude by arguing that the book forgets that - as Mao seems to have realised (and thus did not forget) with his advocacy of a return to barter - before we can "get in contact with reality in nature and our human society", we should perhaps get in contact with our own human nature which we know better. But the question is, however, not what we know best, but what we know first, says Garrigou-Lagrange in his quoted Chapter "Realism And Pragmatism".

    What we know first is being.

    When one party gives something of value and the other party pays him with something, in this case a social construction, of no value, and when one party's wealth is created out of thin air, while the other party has to slave and earn to pay off the ill-gotten credit or loan, is the least one can say about this not that this is an example of economic inequality?

    China has learnt the lessons from Marco Polo who was so intrigued in the 13th century by paper money.

    In barter, direct exchange, there is ad-equation between what both parties to the exchange ... exchange.
    In the (historical) process of moving from direct exchange through barter to indirect exchange through money, one cannot find a moment where money as an intermediary good should be replaced by the social construction "money",
    just like "practice" has demonstrated that the European Union company-law harmonisation diktats, er, directives, - which want to protect the members and third parties of companies, i.e., shareholders, creditors and workers - have not promoted cross-border business activity
    (Wyatt and Dashwood's, "European Union Law", 2011, 6th ed., p. 700),
    Coasean "theory" on "The Nature of the Firm" having demonstrated that the most important creditors of the firm, the workers, are protected and not harmed by the firm - by becoming a worker, this former creditor obtains indeed not only a long-term contract, but also a privileged claim in the event of bankruptcy.

    Can the reader now better ascertain the "truth" of Mao's advocacy of a return to barter as a way to eliminate economic inequality once and for all?

    The book is silent about the renminbi and, a fortiori, about its gold reserves.